My shirt is from this quarter’s CURIOSITY BOX: www.curiositybox.com/
MY TWITTER: www.twitter.com/tweetsauce
MY INSTAGRAM: www.instagram.com/electricpants

Thanks to Mitchell for the jack-in-the-box! brainvenomstudio.com/

3Blue1Brown: www.youtube.com/channel/UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw

3Blue1Brown fractal dimension video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=gB9n2gHsHN4

Mathologer video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhbuKbxJsk8

Distance to horizon calculator: www.ringbell.co.uk/info/hdist.htm

Earth curvature calculator: earthcurvature.com/

US cross section: www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/22cco7/us_elevation_profile_from_la_to_nyc_oc_1139x442/

Scott Kelly ISS earth pic: twitter.com/stationcdrkelly/status/618407818962575360?lang=en

names of large numbers: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_large_numbers

Earth’s surface fractal dimension: www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a129664.pdf

Improbable research pancake study: www.improbable.com/airchives/paperair/volume9/v9i3/kansas.html

State flatness paper: www.disruptivegeo.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/FlatMap_GeographicalReview_DobsonCampbell_2013Nov.pdf

Mental floss article on flat states: mentalfloss.com/article/58976/kansas-really-flatter-pancake

Lake Islands: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_island

XKCD What If? bowling ball Earth: what-if.xkcd.com/46/

West Virginia map: store.usgs.gov/product/109169

Is Earth as smooth as a billiard ball? skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/10763/is-earth-as-smooth-as-a-billiard-ball

WPA rules: wpapool.com/rule-regulations/

Billiard ball surface scan paper: billiards.colostate.edu/bd_articles/2013/june13.pdf

What state people think of as flat: americangeo.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/AGSGeographicKnowledgeValuesSurveyFinal.pdf

Roche limit:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roche_limit
www.quora.com/Why-arent-we-affected-by-the-Roche-Limit-Earth-is-clearly-larger-than-us
www.quora.com/Does-the-Roche-limit-apply-to-our-human-launched-satellites-and-other-orbiting-bodies-of-Earth

Hey What’s That? www.heywhatsthat.com

Field of view: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_view

Angular diameter: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_diameter

Spherical cap calculator: www.1728.org/sphere.htm

amount of sphere seen from distance calculator: www.neoprogrammics.com/spheres/visible_fraction_of_surface.php

seeing Earth as a disc: physics.stackexchange.com/questions/64253/distance-away-from-earth-to-see-it-as-a-full-disk

how high to see the curvature of Earth? earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/7283/how-high-must-one-be-for-the-curvature-of-the-earth-to-be-visible-to-the-eye

Earth from moon pics: www.flickr.com/photos/projectapolloarchive/sets/72157658976934006/

Star magnitude calculator: www.mesacc.edu/~kev2077220/flash/magcalc.html

Star distances: www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/20eyvg/what_is_the_average_distance_of_the_stars_that_we/

list of stars with resolved images: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images

2d figures by me

3d animations by Eric Langlay www.youtube.com/user/ericdraven30

Music from Jake Chudnow: www.youtube.com/user/jakechudnow
and Audio Network: www.audionetwork.com/

Follow Michael Stevens: www.twitter.com/tweetsauce
EXTRA INFO

Помощь проекту: vertdider.tv/to-support-us/

Согласно теории хаоса, детерминистические системы могут быть непредсказуемы. Мы знаем все законы физики, которым они подчиняются, тем не менее, мы не можем точно рассчитать их поведение в будущем. Небольшие неточности и погрешности в расчётах накапливаются, усиливают друг друга, раз за разом приводя к вычислительной катастрофе. Будто взмах крыльев бабочки в одном полушарии стал причиной торнадо в другом. А ведь таким системам не обязательно быть очень сложными, достаточно всего трёх элементов. Так возможно ли вообще что-то предсказать?

Перевод: Алексей Малов
Научный редактор: Леонид Вокин
Редактор: Елена Смотрова
Озвучка: Вадим Казанцев
Монтаж звука: Андрей Фокин
Монтаж видео: Джон Исмаилов
Обложка: Андрей Гавриков

Спасибо за поддержку на www.patreon.com/VertDider.
Озвучки Vert Dider выходят с вашей помощью:

Oleksii, Mikhail Stolpovskiy, Ігор Дорохов, Кирилл Басалык, Boris Bendikov, Dina vysotskaya, Sergei W, Михаил Панькин, Felix Kosoy Максим Sheridan Горлов, Anton Makiievskyi, Vladimir Grachev, Denis Titusov, Spartak Kagramanyan, Dmitriy Omelyansky, Konstantin Pesyakov, Olga Shistareva, Alex Katkov, Yehor Melnykov, Alexey Kukushkin, Пугачёв Пётр, Viktoria Kamerton_440 Alexandr Globov, space monkey, Vladimir Goshev, Fleur Gai, Vladyslav Sokolenko, Елизавета Pavel D, Иван Дьяченко, Olga Podolskaya, Yevhen Aleksei Masliukov, Eugene Tsaryk, Vladimir Gavriushov, Maria Burtseva, Aleksey Sazonov, Irina Shakhverdova, Anton Bolotov, Evgeny Vrublevsky, Katya Prokopchuk, AlterienСайт студии: vertdider.com

Мы в социальных сетях:
— vk.com/studio_vd
— www.facebook.com/StudioVertDider
— twitter.com/Vert_Dider
— geektimes.ru/company/vertdider/
— ok.ru/group/53365179089010
— instagram.com/vert_dider
— coub.com/vertdider
— vert-dider.livejournal.com/
— t.me/vertdider

Разрешение на публикацию: goo.gl/6n4dT7
© www.youtube.com/user/1veritasium
Источник: youtu.be/fDek6cYijxI

Centripetal force is needed to keep things moving in a circle. And why dont they want to? THEY JUST WANT TO GO IN A STRAIGHT LINE. REALLY. THATS ALL EVERYTHING WANTS TO DO.

P.S. If you have a masters degree or PhD in physics and would like to talk to me about rotating reference frames, Id love to. But this is not the right context. This videos purpose is to demonstrate inertia in inertial reference frames. You know, the ones where Newtons Laws apply. Yeah, those. Certainly youll agree that inertia is of the greatest conceptual importance. As a teacher, I have found that most people I meet do not have a conceptual understanding of inertia though they are able to recite Newtons First Law in a droning voice when asked. Words with no meaning. Blech.

BTW — Those who like accelerated reference frames and their challenges may enjoy this video about impending motion of rigid solids:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLHVf3eJKak
I made it. Maybe you like watching physics videos in your spare time.

And I will SORTA agree with you if you claim that theres a centrifugal force on the wood ring (as a 3rd-law counterpart to the centripetal force on the ball). I like Newtons 3rd as much as the next guy, but youre creating a REALLY shady definition. If we had no friction, the ring wouldnt even be moving. How you gonna define «center fleeing» for something that is not only not going in a circle...its not moving at all??!@?#$%?^$#?%$# But thats just a technical complaint. Really, I am just trying to convince early physics students that the BALL feels no outward force. Cuz trust me, THEY THINK IT DOES. Ask your mom — she may even think the ball feels an outward force. My people often predict that the balls path will curve OUTWARD from the circle. Thats what Im really trying to cure here. Love you, though! Keep warm this winter!

Follow Michael Stevens for neat things every day! www.Twitter.com/tweetsauce
LINKS AND SOURCES BELOW

MUSIC BY: www.YouTube.com/JakeChudnow

final song is «Midnight Sound» by Gareth Johnson / David OBrien
from: www.audionetwork.com

Lost silent films: www.silentera.com/lost/index.html

Wonders of the Ancient World: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World

What have we lost forever?

ask.metafilter.com/80517/What-have-we-lost-forever
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_history

snapchat: www.snapchat.com/

Lenin and Trotsky doctored photos: www.tc.umn.edu/~hick0088/classes/csci_2101/false.html

Archived person-removal-service site: web.archive.org/web/20060212134125/http://www.digital-restoration.com/unwanted.asp

Google Ngram tool: books.google.com/ngrams

links to info about digital file deletion:

www.reddit.com/r/YouShouldKnow/comments/1e4p7g/ysk_how_deletion_works_on_a_computer_and_why/
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_erasure
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_sector
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_erasure

Melanie Willhide glitched photos (NSFW): www.slate.com/blogs/behold/2013/01/09/melanie_willhide_to_adrian_rodriguez_with_love_photos.html

Electronic waste dumps in Africa: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbogbloshie

Paper-shredding: www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2009/07/unshreddable.html

UNSHREDDER: www.unshredder.com/www/407/1001127/default.asp

Iranian reassembly of documents: www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16036967

HEAT DEATH: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe

HEAT DEATH button on etsy: www.etsy.com/listing/58392676/ask-me-about-the-heat-death-of-the

entropy: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy

«The Last Question» by Issac Assimov: www.thrivenotes.com/the-last-question/

bleached flags on moon: www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/ApolloFlags-Condition.html

BRAIN CANDY LIVE TICKETS: www.braincandylive.com/tickets
Links to sources and to learn more below!
MY TWITTER: www.twitter.com/tweetsauce
MY INSTAGRAM: www.instagram.com/electricpants
THE CURIOSITY BOX: www.curiositybox.com/

Stan Wagon “Roads and Wheels” [PDF]: web.mst.edu/~lmhall/Personal/RoadsWheels/RoadsWheels.pdf

3Blue1Brown video, “The Brachistochrone, with Steven Strogatz”: www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cld0p3a43fU

Pile of people visualization originally from this Vsauce1 video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6eOcd06kdk

Online spirograph: nathanfriend.io/inspirograph/

The Brachistochrone whistleralley.com/brachistochrone/brachistochrone.htm

Rolling:
www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au//jw/rolling.htm
teacher.pas.rochester.edu/phy121/LectureNotes/Chapter12/Chapter12.html

Refraction of light:
www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-1/Refraction-and-Sight
www.funscience.in/study-zone/Physics/RefractionOfLight/AtmosphericRefraction.php
www.walter-fendt.de/html5/phen/refractionhuygens_en.htm
micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/particleorwave/refraction/
astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/telescopes/snellslaw.html
demonstrations.wolfram.com/FermatsPrincipleAndSnellsLaw/

Feynman on The Principle of Least Time: www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_26.html

cycloid as answer to brachistochrone: sinews.siam.org/About-the-Author/quick-find-a-solution-to-the-brachistochrone-problem-1

Music from:
www.youtube.com/jakechudnow
and
www.audionetwork.com

Roulette animations by Eric Langlay www.youtube.com/c/ericlanglay

good relevant Wikipedia articles:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachistochrone_curve
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautochrone_curve
goo.gl/SlRDhK
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloid
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snells_law

Wolfram demonstration projects used:

«Cycloid Curves» from the Wolfram Demonstrations Project
 http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/CycloidCurves/
Contributed by: Sean Madsen
Additional contributions by: David von Seggern (U. Nevada, Reno)

«Shaping a Road and Finding the Corresponding Wheel» from the Wolfram Demonstrations Project
 http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/ShapingARoadAndFindingTheCorrespondingWheel/
Contributed by: Stan Wagon (Macalester College)

Click to subscribe to Vsauce: bit.ly/POIaN7
Check out Veritasiums channel: bit.ly/YY7KDe
LINKS and SOURCES below.

Follow me on twitter! www.twitter.com/tweetsauce

Music by Jake Chudnow
www.soundcloud.com/jakechudnow
www.youtube.com/jakechudnow

Veritasium video on single photons and frog eyes: www.youtube.com/watch?v=cztocbHiiqQ

British Pathe Robert Wadlow video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=5McWw03Ryrs

Earth Unplugged channel: www.youtube.com/user/EarthUnpluggedTV

AsapScience Moon Illusion video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=49RztN4Bqu0

interactive DNA model: learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/

Igor Vovkovinsky: www.thetallestman.com/igorvovkovinskiy.htm

Sultan Kösen: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Kösen

Robert Wadlow: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wadlow

André the Giant:

twentytwowords.com/2012/01/26/andre-the-giant-holding-a-can-of-beer/
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_the_Giant

tallest woman: www.thetallestman.com/zengjinlian.htm

human height:

io9.com/5789332/in-search-of-the-worlds-tallest-human
erinjenne.blogspot.co.uk/2011_02_01_archive.html
webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:lL-vNccMG8MJ:www.naturalheightgrowth.com/2012/09/20/what-is-the-tallest-theoretical-height-of-the-human-species/

Document — howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/The-Milky-Way-2019-edition-1.pdf
Index — howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/How-Far-Index.pdf
Music free version — www.youtube.com/watch?v=5282MSPqTrg

Stephen Hawking thought an asteroid impact posed the greatest threat to life on Earth. Thanks to Kiwico for sponsoring this video. For 50% off your first month of any crate, go to kiwico.com/veritasium50
For other potential world ending catastrophes, check out Domain of Science: ve42.co/DoS

Special thanks to:
Prof. Dave Jewitt from UCLA Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences
Prof. Mark Boslough from Sandia National Labs
Scott Manley: www.youtube.com/user/szyzyg
Ryan Wyatt at Morrison Planetarium
Prof. Amy Mainzer
Alexandr Ivanov for the opening shot of Chelyabinsk Meteor

Maps of Asteroid Impacts —https://ve42.co/Map

Time passing animation from Universe Sandbox — universesandbox.com/

Opposition Effect — ve42.co/Belskaya2000
Belskaya, I. N.,

View full lesson: ed.ted.com/lessons/a-3d-atlas-of-the-universe-carter-emmart

For the last 12 years, Carter Emmart has been coordinating the efforts of scientists, artists and programmers to build a complete 3D visualization of our known universe. He demos this stunning tour and explains how its being shared with facilities around the world.

Talk by Carter Emmart.